Hardware

Cache Memory use to improve your experience in computers and Phones. Cache memory faster than ram and SSD, HDD. In this article, I Explain What is Cache Memory in computers, Mobile Phones, Cache Latency, and Type of Cache Memory, etc.

What is Cache Memory in Computer?

Cache Memory is Faster than Ram, ROM but Cache memory size is limited. It is the fastest memory that provides high-speed data access to a computer microprocessor. Cache Memory holds mostly requested or used Information and instructions because When the user needs to use that, it will Immediately Available.

Cache Memory makes copies of the data from frequently used main memory locations. The Cache memory works according to various algorithms, which decide what information it has to store. These algorithms work on the possibility of deciding which data will be most needed.

For example, You read a book on your desk Everyday, Here your books are a program file. you need to highlight some points in your book, which means you need to customize your file. So you need a highlighter, And Highlighter has in your desk drawer, Here the drawer is your cache Memory. Where holds mostly requested or used Information and instructions When the user needs to use that, it will Immediately Available.

Type of Cache Memory:

Mainly Cache Memory is three types

1. Lavel1(L1)
2. Lavel2(L2)
3. Lavel3(L3)

• Lavel1 Or Primary Cache Memory

L1 is a primary cache memory. This type of cache memory is included in the processer. The size of the Lavel1 cache is very small compared to other cache memory. However, L1memory ranges between 2KB to 64KB, it depending on the computer processor. Instructions required by the CPU are first discovered in the L1 Cache.

Read More: Types Of Memory In Computer

• Lavel2 or Secondary Cache Memory

L2 used as secondary Cache memory. In some processors, L2 may be out of CPU, it’s connected with the high-speed bus. The size of the L2 cache is more capacious than L1 which is between 256KB to 512KB. After searching the instructions in L1 Cache, if it is not found, then the computer microprocessor is searched in the L2 cache Memory.

• Level 3 or Main cache Memory

The L3 cache is large in size. L3 Memory lives outside of the processor. but it’s connected with the high-speed bus. L3 is slower in speed than L1 and L2. Its size is between 1MB to 8MB. In multi-core processors, each core can have L1 and L2, but all cores share a common L3 cache.

Read More: What Is Algorithm in Computer

What is Cache Latency?

Cache Latency is part of the process of your data. Sometimes when the computer sends a request for some unstored cache files. That time process is a delay for some time, This delay called Cache Latency.

What is Cache Memory For Mobile Phones?

In the Mobile Phone Cache Memory, Apps sorted some temporary files. the Apps more you use, these apps store your temporary data. for when you use it next time, it will start quickly and enhance your experience. However, you can clear cache memory on the mobile phone, to increase your storage.

Read More: What is USB Tethering, Mobile Hotspot

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Disk Cleanup and Defragmentation help for delete junk files. In this article, I will Explain What is Disk Cleanup and  Defragmentation, and How to use them in windows 10.

What is Disk Cleanup?

The Windows Operating System creates a mass of temporary files and cached files all designed to speed up the performance of the Graphical Interface. These files do a good job when it needs. After that, they need to delete them. The result is a lot of files cluttering up your hard drive.

Files that have inscrutable names and an unknown purpose. This is a new tool that included windows. When you run it, Disk cleanup checks for files that can be safely deleted and then presented a listing of such files.

Read More: What is CPU, CU, ALU

How to use Disk Cleanup

• To Start disk Cleanup click the start button, then write Disk cleanup.
• After that, you will see the Disk cleanup app then click that app.
• Then you need to select drive c,d and click ok.
• After that, you see all files which you need to clean select file, and click ok.
• After complete the process junk files are clean from your computer.

Read More: What is Chipset?

What is Defragmentation?

Windows is like its DOS predecessors in that when it writes a file to your disk, it puts it anywhere it finds room. As you delete and create files, over time a single file can have a piece here, a piece there, another piece somewhere else. When a file is spread over multiple places, it’s said to be fragmented.

Disk Defragment collects all fragmented files then arranged all files one by one. it helps to improve your hard disk performance and optimize your Drives. You should probably run Disk Defragmenter about once a month.

How To use Defragmentation

• To Start click the start button, then write Defragment and Optimize Drives.
• After that, you will see the Defragment and Optimize Drives app then click that app.

• Then you need to select drive c,d, and click the optimize Button it will start automatically.

• It takes some time depending on your hard disk drive size.
• After complete the process, your hard disk will be Defragmented then click the close button.

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Chipset one of the main part of the Motherboard. In this article, I will explain What is Chipset in Motherboard and,  What is North and South Bridge in Computer.

What is Chipset in Motherboard?

We now know that the chipset handles an incredible amount of data, it’s important to see which chipsets are performing the best. Firstly to choose a chipset that supports your CPU. You obviously can not have a chipset designed for an Intel CPU if you’re using an Athlon XP. Then the best way to see which chipsets are performing the best is to look at benchmarks on various sites.

A slow chipset can be as damaging to your system’s overall speed as a slow CPU or slow memory. If you have a poor performing chipset, then any time that your computer is sending and receiving data from the graphics card or main memory, then the system is struggling.

Read More: What is TELNET in Computer?

• What Chipset does in Motherboard

We have all heard about the latest chipsets from Intel, VIA, Nvidia, and more and how much better they are. But what does the chipset actually do on the motherboard. We know what the CPU does, we know too much about the chipset. Hopefully, we can shed a little light on the Working of the Chipset and why they differ from one chipset to the next.

What is North and South bridge in the computer?

The Chipset consists of two major microchips which are the Northbridge and SouthBridge. The North Bridge Handles data for the AGP port and the main memory which includes the FSB(Front side bus). Although bost chips are required for the PC to work the North Bridge handles most of the very important tasks such as the connection between the CPU and main memory. The South  Bridge handles data from the PCI can also have integrated components such as Audio Codec’s etc.

Read More: What is Wireless Networking?

• Catch the Bus

The Function of a chipset is to manage data throughput. All data that your components require or acquire need to be transported. They are transported by what’s known as a bus. The bus carry’s the data to where it needs to go via the chipset. Today’s CPU has the cache memory “on-chip” and so there is no need to go through the chipset.

The memory bus speed is on a different bus and this speed can be changed independently. All buses go through the chipset in order to get direction for where it needs to take the data. Because of the amount of data that goes through the chipset, it is important that the chipset is up to speed.

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A computer system has two parts-hardware and software. in the hardware, part memory is one of the most important parts of the whole computer system. In this article, I will explain Different Types Of Memory In Computer with an example like Rom In Computer.

Types Of Memory In Computer

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There are two main types of memory in computers.

1. Primary Memory

2. Secondary Memory

• Primary Memory(Storage)

Primary Storage or Internal  Memory, is computer memory that is accessible to the central processing unit of a computer without the use of the computer’s input/output channels. It’s is used to store data that is likely to be inactive use. Primary memory is two types RAM and ROM.

Read More: Generation of computers

RAM(Random Access Memory):

RAM is a type of data store used in computers that allows the stored data to be accessed in any order -that is, at random, not just in sequence. It costs practically the same time to access any piece of data stored in RAM Chip. In contrast, disks and the like need a short time to retrieve a piece of data if it happens to be close to the current position of the read head, and a long time if the data is far away and the head needs to be repositioned considerably. RAM are two types.

1. DRAM(Dynamic RAM).
2. SRAM(Static RAM).

 ROM(Read Only Memory):

ROM In Computer is a class of storage media used in computers and other electronic devices. Because it cannot age media used in computers and other electronic devices. Because it cannot(easily) be written to, its main uses lie in the distribution of firmware. Modern Semiconductor ROMs typically take the shape of IC packages, i.e. “ROM” in its strictest sense can only be read from, but all ROMs allow data to be written into them at least once, either during initial manufacturing or during a step called “Programming”. So ROM are Three types.

1. PROM(Programmable Read-Only Memory).
2. EPROM(Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory).
3. EEPROM(Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory).

Read More: Classification of Computers

Basic Differences between RAM and ROM

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RAM	ROM
Volatile	Non-Volatile
Fast to read and write	slower in comparison with RAM
The physical size of the RAM chip is bigger than a ROM chip	The physical size of the ROM chip is smaller than the RAM chip of the same storage capacity.
The RAM chip is in rectangle form and is inserted over the motherboard of the computer.	ROM is a type of storage medium that permanently stores data on personal computers and other electronic devices.
Used as system memory to store data (including program code) that the CPU needs to process imminently.	Used to store boot instructions or firmware.

• Secondary Memory(Storage)

In Computer Memory, Secondary Storage or external memory is computer memory that is not directly accessible to the central processing unit of a computer, requiring the use of the computer’s input/output channels. Secondary memory is used to store data that is not n active use and also usually slower than primary storage or memory but also almost always has a higher storage capacity which makes it perfect the preservation of stored information in an event of power loss.

Type of Secondary Memory:

1. HDD(Hard Disk Drive).

2. SSD(Solid State Drive).

3. Optical Drive(CD and DVD).

4. External Hard Drive.

5. Pen Drive(Flash Drive).

6. Blu-Ray Disk.

7. Floppy Disk.

 

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Generation in computers refers to periodical technology advancement. In this article, You know about generations of computers with details we will know about this technology and the facilities of different generations of computers.

Features of Different Generation of Computers

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Fast Generation (1940-1956)

This generation is Vacuum tube-based. (UNIVAC & ENIAC)

• Advantage

1. Vacuum tubes were the only electronic computers available during those days.
2. Vacuum tube technology made possible the advent of electronic digital computers.

• Disadvantage

1. Too bulky in size and poor reliability.
2. Manual assembly of individual components into function unit required.

Read Also: Classification of computers by type, size.

Second Generation (1956-1964)

Second Generation computers are Transistor based. (IBM1620,CDC1604)

• Advantage

1. Smaller in size as compared to a first-generation computer and more reliable.
2. These computers were able to reduce the required computational times from milliseconds to microseconds.

• Disadvantage

1. Air condition required.
2. Frequent maintenance required and commercial production was difficult and costly.

Third Generation(1965-1971)

Third Generation computers are Integrated circuit-based. (IBM360 Series, PDP)

• Advantage

1. smaller than a second-generation computer and also more reliable.
2. low heat generated IC chips then second-generation computer and maintenance cost is low because hardware failures are rare.

• Disadvantage

1. Air conditioning required in many cases.
2. High sophisticated technology required for manufacturing IC.

Fourth Generation(1971-Present)

Fourth Generation computers are VLSI&LSI Microprocessor-based. (Laptop, Personal Computer, Super Computer)

• Advantage

1. Smaller in size because of high component density.
2. In this generation, computers perform better than previous generations.

• Disadvantage

1. Highly sophisticated technology required for the manufacture of LSI Chips.

Fifth Generation(Present – Future)

It’s base on two principles. (AI & Robots)

1. Knowledge of Information processing.
2. Large Scale parallel processing.

Previous Generations had formed an incrementing number of logic elements in a single CPU, Whereas in this generation the main focus was to increase the system performance by margin numbers of CPUs.

 

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All around us, we see different kinds of computers. Like Desktop, Laptop, Server Computer, etc. In this article, you know about the Classifications of computers by type and size.

The computer can be classified into two categories:

• According to Type

• According to size

Classification according to Type

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• Analog Computers

In this Classification of computers by type and size, These Computers recognize data as a continuous measurement of a physical property. Their output is usually in the form of readings on dials or graphs. Voltage, pressure, speed, and temperature are some physical properties that can be measured in this way.

 

Example:-

1. A Service Station gasoline pump contains an analog processor that connects fuel flow measurements into quantity and price values.
2. Automobile speed meter, etc.

• Digital Computers

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These are High speed programmable electronic devices that perform mathematical calculations, compare values, and store the results. They recognize data by counting discrete signals representing either a high ‘on’ or low ‘off’ voltage state of electricity. Numbers, alphabets, and special symbols can all reduced to representation by 1s and 0s.

Example:-

1. Personal Computer.
2. The scoreboard directly counts discrete values such as the time left to play and the score of each team.

Read Also: What is a VPN connection for PC, Mobile? How VPN works

• Hybrid Computers

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In this Classification of computers, Hybrid computers combine the best features of analog and digital computers. The computer accepts data both from the sensors within the production area and from conventional input/output(I/O)devices.

Using the production data, the computer plans for future manufacturing and distributes existing inventories, activities which require the computer to compute digital data and produce a report for management. So the Hybrid computer is perfectly suited to this application. For instance, the computer can act as a digital computer, processing stored data for management.

Classification according to Size

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• Super Computer

In this Classification of computers by type and size, A supercomputer is generally characterized as being the fastest, most powerful, and most expensive computer. After that, the supercomputer has large memories and high processing speeds: they can process up to billion instructions per second. So They are used for processing very large files and performing large-scale mathematical calculations.

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• Mainframe Computer

In this Classification of computers, A mainframe computer is usually slower, less powerful, and less expensive than a supercomputer. For instance, Mainframes Computer processes a million instructions per second, This kind of computer use in many businesses to update inventory, etc.

 

• Mini Computer

Minicomputer is smaller than mainframe, general-purpose computer and gives computing power without adding the prohibitive expenses associated with large systems. Minicomputer is well adapted for functions such as accounting, word processing, database management, statistical packages for social sciences. Computer-aided design and Numerical Analysis etc.

• Micro Computer

A Microcomputer is the smallest least expensive of all the computers. The prefix ‘micro’ refers mainly to the physical size of the computer and its circuitry, rather than its capabilities. this kind of computer has the smallest memory and less power is physically smaller and permits fewer peripherals to be attached. An example of a microcomputer is Raspberry PI.

• Laptops and notebook

Laptops and notebooks provide mobile computing technology with, In other words, the same power as personal computers The Laptop battery-operated and you can use it any time anywhere. In this type of computer, you can connect with various input and output devices.

• Hand-Held Computers

Handheld computers s are even smaller than notebooks. Each handheld computer holds more than 1,200 records and provides police officers with timely and sometimes life-saving information.

 

• Pen-Based Computing

The pen-based computer is one type of computer which uses an electronic touch writing pad and you can use it with an electronic pen or your finger. When the user writes something on the pad, the Pen-based computer gets all the information as digital input and then stored in a file on the computer.

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